Kupu Whakataki

I roto i ngā rangahau pūtaiao hou me ngā tātari whakamātautau, ko te rūma kohikohi tauira te taahiraa tuatahi hei whakarite i te pono o ngā raraunga. Ā, i roto i tēnei tukanga, ko ngā ipu kohikohi tauira, hei kaikawe matua mō te rokiroki me te kawe tauira, ko tōna kōwhiringa me tōna whakamahinga e pā tika ana ki te pono me te pumau o te tauira me te tika o te tātaritanga i muri mai.

He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā ipu kohikohi tauira i roto i ngā mara mahaKa āta wehea ngā momo ipu rerekē e pā ana ki te rauemi, te hanganga, ngā tāpiringa me te katinga mō ngā tauira rerekē me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū, ngā hiahia tātari me ngā tikanga rokiroki rerekē.

Te Whakarōpūtanga Taketake o ngā Pounamu Kohinga Tauira

He rerekē ngā whakaritenga mō ngā ipu kohi tauira i te wā kohi me te rokiroki o ngā momo tauira rerekē. Nō reira, mā te mārama ki te whakarōpūtanga taketake o ngā ipu kohi tauira ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakamātautau ki te whiriwhiri i te mea tino tika e ai ki ngā hiahia tūturu. I te nuinga, ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā ngongo tauira i runga i te rauemi, te tikanga hiri me ngā inenga pēnei i te whakarewa me te āhua hanganga.

1. Whakarōpūtanga mā te rauemi: karāhe me te kirihou

• Ngā Ngongo Tauira KarāheHe mea hanga i te karāhe borosilicate teitei, he pai te koretake o te matū me te pumau o te wera, he pai mō te nuinga o ngā whakarewa waro me ngā tukanga tukatuka pāmahana teitei. Ina koa i roto i ngā tātaritanga tino tika, i te kohikohinga rānei o ngā matū e ngawari ana te mimiti, ka taea e ngā ipu karāhe te karo i te pirau, te poke rānei o te tauira.
• Ngā ipu kohikohi tauira kirihouKo ētahi o ngā rauemi noa ko te polypropylene, te polyethylene, te polycarbonate, me ētahi atu. He ātete ake ki te pānga, he mama ake hoki, ā, he pai mō te whakatio cryogenic, te kohikohi tauira koiora, me te whakamātautau haumanu noa. Ko ētahi o ngā ipu kirihou kounga teitei he ātete anō hoki ki tētahi taumata o te waikura matū.

2. Whakarōpūtanga mā te tikanga hiri: tīwiri, pēneti, momo repe

• Momo tīwiri-whakauru: te momo tino noa, he ngāwari ki te whakatuwhera me te hiri, he pai mō te nuinga o ngā hiahia taiwhanga whānui. Ko ngā taupoki tīwiri-pou ka honoa ki ngā gasket PTFE/silicone hei whakarite i te hiri me te hototahi matū.
• Momo pēnetiKa tere te kati mā te pāwhiri noa, he pai mō te mahi tere, mō ngā wā rānei e hiahia ana kia whakatuwheratia pinepine, e whakamahia ana i ngā papaaho aunoa, i ētahi tukanga whakamātautau paerewa rānei.
• Momo repeHe mea hiri ki te taupoki whakarewa me te repe, ko te mea tino ārai-hau, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te chromatography hau me ētahi atu whakamātautau e hiahia ana kia nui te whakahaere i te piki me te heke. He pai mō te rokiroki me te kawe mō te wā roa, inā koa he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i te whakamātautau tauira taiao.

3. Whakarōpūtanga mā te rōrahi me te āhua: paerewa, iti, raro kōniko, me ētahi atu.

• Ngā ipu paerewaKo ngā rahinga noa ko te 1.5 ml, 2 ml me te 5 ml, e tika ana mō te kohikohi me te tātari i te nuinga o ngā tauira wai. He porotaka te āhua, he ngāwari ki te hopu mā roto i ngā taputapu aunoa.
• Ngā ipu iti: me te rōrahi o te 0.2ml-0.5ml, e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā tauira iti rawa, ngā hoahoa whakamātautau kaha rānei. He pai mō te pūnaha tauira moroiti.
• Ngā ipu raro-kōneHe rite te hoahoa o te raro o te ipu ki te koeko, he mea watea mō te kukū tauira, te whakahaere porowhita me te mimiti kore-para, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whakamātautau tango pūmua/waikawa karihi.
• Ngā ipu papatahi/papa porowhitaHe pai ngā papa papatahi mō ngā taputapu tango tauira aunoa, ko ngā papa porowhita ia he pai ake mō te whakahaere ā-ringa, mō ngā āhuatanga whakaranu awhiowhio rānei.

Ngā Whakamahinga i roto i ngā Tauira Koiora (hei tauira, ngā tauira toto)

Hei tētahi o ngā tauira koiora tino noa, tino taketake hoki, e whakamahia whānuitia ana te toto i roto i ngā momo mara, tae atu ki te tātaritanga haumanu, te whakamātautau ira, me te rangahau proteomics. Nā te uaua o te hanganga me te kaha o te mahi koiora, he tino pakari ngā whakaritenga mō ngā ipu kohikohi. He rerekē ngā ipu kohikohi tauira e whakamahia ana mō ngā tono rerekē i runga i ngā tāpiringa, ngā rauemi me te hoahoa hanganga, e pā tika ana ki te kounga o ngā tauira me te tika o te tātaritanga i muri mai.

1. Te taiao me te kaupapa o te whakamahinga

• Whakamātautau hauora haumanuMō ngā toto o ia rā, te matū koiora, ngā irahiko, ngā whakamātautau taumata homoni, me ētahi atu, me tere, me whai hua, me karo i te hemolysis me te poke.
• Te rangahau koiora ngotapērā i te RNA-seq, te raupapatanga ira katoa (WGS), qPCR, me ētahi atu, e hiahia ana kia teitei ake ngā whakaritenga mō te pono o te waikawa karihi me ngā tikanga tiaki tauira.
• Te tātaritanga pūmua me te metabolomics: e āwangawanga ana mō te aukati i te mahi protease, te hototahitanga o te whakarewa, te pumau i muri i te whakatio me te whakarewatanga anō.

2. Ngā momo me ngā whirihoranga o ngā ipu kohinga tauira noa

• Kei roto ngā ipu rongoā ārai mateE whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā ngongo EDTA i roto i ngā whakamātautau toto me te tango waikawa karihi, ka taea te aukati i te tukanga totohu me te tiaki i te āhua o te pūtau; He pai ngā ngongo Heparin mō te tātari parāuma, he pai mō ētahi whakamātautau matū (hei tauira, te tātari hau toto), engari ka whakararuraru i ētahi tauhohenga PCR; ā, ko ngā ngongo Sodium citrate te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana mō te whakamātautau mahi totohu.
• Ngā ngongo kohi toto parakore kāore he tāpiringa: e whakamahia ana mō te whakamātautau toto, pērā i te whai i ngā mahi, te mahi whatukuhu, ngā whakamātautau ārai mate, me ētahi atu. I muri i te whakapūpūtanga māori o te toto, ka wehea te toto mā te centrifugation hei karo i ngā tāpiringa matū e whakararuraru ana i te tauhohenga whakamātautau.
• Ngā ipu motuhake mō te tiaki i te kiri marokeHe mea hanga ki te rauemi PP kaha-teitei, ka taea te tu atu i te pāmahana tino iti (-80℃ ki te taiao hauota wai). He mea whakamahi noa mō te tiaki roa i te parāuma, te toto, ngā wāhanga pūtau, me ētahi atu, ā, he whānuitia te whakamahi i roto i ngā pēke tauira koiora me ngā rangahau whai muri mō te wā roa.

3. Whakatūpato

• Te awe o ngā rauemi ki te pumau o te tauiraKa mimiti pea ngā ipu kirihou i ngā pūmua, i ngā waikawa karihi rānei, me whakamahi i ngā rauemi mimiti iti, me te maimoatanga mata rānei. He pumau ngā ipu karāhe engari kāore e pai mō ngā āhuatanga hukapapa katoa. Me whakatau e ngā tohunga taiwhanga i runga i te āhua o te tauira me ngā hiahia o te whakamātautau.
• Te hiranga o te tapanga me te pūnaha whaiI te wā o te whakamātautau, ka ngāwari te whakapoauau i ngā tauira nā te tapanga, ngā mōhiohio kāore i oti, me ētahi atu raruraru, ka pā kino ki te pono o ngā raraunga. E taunakihia ana kia whakamahia ngā tapanga tā-reira, ngā tapanga roa kua rongoatia ki te tio, te pūnaha aroturuki hiko rānei (pēnei i te RFID, te waehere pae) mō te tukanga katoa o te whakahaere tauira.

He mea nui te tiaki me te whakahaere i ngā tauira toto ki ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau, ā, ko ngā ipu kohikohi tauira tika ehara i te mea ka whakanui ake i te tiaki i te mahi me te pono o te tauira, engari he mea nui anō hoki mō te rangahau kounga teitei. I te whanaketanga o te rongoā tika me te hangarau whakaputa tere, kei te piki haere te hiahia mō ngā ipu kohikohi tauira koiora ki te wai me te whakapai ake.

Tātari Matū me ngā Tauira Taiwhanga

I roto i te matū tātari, te kimi rongoā, te whakamātautau haumaru kai me ētahi atu mahi taiwhanga, ehara i te mea he ipu rokiroki noa iho ngā ipu kohi tauira, engari he wāhanga tino mahi tahi hoki o te tukanga tātari me te taputapu. Ina koa i roto i te chromatography wai, te chromatography hau me ētahi atu tikanga whakamātautau tino tika, ko te kōwhiringa o ngā ipu he mea e pā tika ana ki te taea te whakaputa me te tika o te tātari me te mahi pumau o te taputapu.

1. Te whakamahinga o ngā ipu i roto i te tātaritanga chromatography wai me te tātaritanga chromatography hau

• Ngā ipu HPLCE hiahiatia ana te pumau matū tino pai hei ārai i te tauhohenga, te mimiti rānei o te otinga tauira ki te pakitara o te ipu. Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia ngā ipu karāhe 2 ml he tīwiri te tihi me ngā taupoki PTFE/silicone, he ātete ki ngā whakarewa waro, ā, he hiri piri tonu. Mō ngā tauira e aro ana ki te mārama, kei te wātea ngā pounamu parauri.
• Ngā ipu GCNā te mea he tino whakawhirinaki te tātaritanga GC ki te āhuarangi o te tauira, me hiri pūmau ngā ipu, ā, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia ki ngā ipu karāhe me ngā taupoki pēhanga; hei tāpiritanga, hei ārai i te ngaronga o ngā wāhanga āhuarangi, ka whakamahia pinepinetia ngā gasket kua pokaia i mua hei hiri ki ngā taupoki konumohe.
• Ngā tono me ngā rahinga tauira itiMō te tātari tere me te kimi i ngā wāhanga iti, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā ipu iti 0.3 ml-0.5 ml me ngā cannulae hei whakaiti i te ngaronga o te tauira.

2. Ngā whakaritenga mō te rahi me te hototahi o te pūnaha tauira-aunoa

He maha ngā taiwhanga hou e whakamahi ana i ngā autosamplers hei whakapai ake i te pai me te ōrite o te kitenga, ā, kua whakaarohia ngā paerewa ōrite mō ngā whakatakotoranga me ngā āhua o te ipu:

• Ngā whakaritenga noaKo te tauira tohanga matua ko te 2ml te rahinga paerewa (OD 12mm * Teitei 32mm), he hototahi whānui ki te pūnaha tauira aunoa maha-waitohu.
• Ngā whakaritenga āhua o te pounamuMe papatahi te waha o te pounamu, me ātete hoki te tinana o te pounamu ki te waku ā-mīhini, kia mau ai te pumau o te pupuri a te ringa ā-mīhini.
• Te Whakarerekētanga Paepae MotuhakeKo ētahi waitohu pūnaha e hiahia ana ki tētahi hanganga raro motuhake (raro papatahi, raro porowhita, he awaawa rānei) kia urutau ai ki te paepae pounamu.

3. Ngā rauemi motuhake me te hoahoa mahi

Hei whakapūmau i te tika o te tātari o ngā tauira uaua, ka whakamahia e ngā taiwhanga ngā ipu kua hangaia mō tēnei momo mahi:

• Karāhe borosilicate kore mahiKoinei te rauemi ipu pai rawa atu mō te HPLC/GC nā te mea he ātete matū teitei me te ma, ka karo i te tauhohenga, i te piri rānei ki ngā wāhanga iti i roto i te tauira.
• Taupoki gasket PTFE: he ātete teitei ki te waikura whakarewa, ka taea te wero i te ngira, he pai mō te whakamahi i te ngira aunoa, hei karo i te poke me te turuturu o te tauira.
• Pounamu maimoatanga silanization: ka pania te mata ki tētahi paninga motuhake hei whakaiti i te mimiti o ngā ngota porotaka, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te tātari tohu.

Mā te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi tika, te hanganga me ngā whakaritenga, ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake ngā ipu i roto i te tātari matū i te whai huatanga o te kimi me te hototahi o ngā taputapu anake, engari ka whai wāhi hoki ki te ōritetanga me te pono o ngā raraunga tauira. Ina koa i roto i te tātari tohu me ngā tukanga aunoa, ko te whirihoranga tika o ngā pūnaha ipu kua noho hei tetahi o ngā taipitopito matua hei whakapūmau i te kounga o te whakamātautau.

Te Kōwhiringa o ngā Pounamu i roto i te Kohinga Tauira Taiao

He whānuitia ngā momo rauemi e kohia ana mō te kohikohinga tauira taiao, pērā i te wai, te oneone, me te āhuarangi, ā, he uaua ngā hanganga o ngā tauira, ā, ka noho pea i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino kino (hei tauira, he tino waikura, he tino pūngāwerewere, he iti noa ngā poke, me ētahi atu). Hei whakarite i te pono o ngā raraunga kua kohia, me te tutuki hoki i ngā whakaritenga ture, he mea nui kia whiriwhiria ngā ipu tika mō te kohikohinga tauira.

1. Ngā horopaki tono

• Ngā tauira waiTe wai mata o Baokou, te wai whenua, te wai para ahumahi, me ētahi atu, e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei kimi i ngā konganuku taumaha, ngā poke rauropi. Ngā tote matūkai, me ētahi atu.
• Tangohanga oneone: ngā tauira wai i whiwhi mā te tango matū, kei roto ngā toenga patu pepeke, ngā konganuku taumaha, ngā matū waro rānei.
• Wai kohikohi matūriki haungā tauira matūriki e whakamahia ana hei pupū ake i ngā kiriuhi tātari, i ngā wai mimiti mirumiru rānei.

2. Ngā whakaritenga matua mō ngā ipu tauira

• Hiri kahaĀraia te mimiti haere o te tauira, te turuturu, te mimiti makuku rānei i te wā e kawe ana, e penapena ana rānei, he mea nui rawa atu mō te kimi VOC.
• He ātete pai ki te waikura: tera pea kei roto i ngā tauira he waikawa kaha, he kawakore, he whakarewa waro rānei, e hiahia ana kia whakamahia he karāhe borosilicate teitei, he pounamu rānei i hangaia ki ngā kirihou motuhake.
• Hoahoa kore mahiMe karo te pakitara o roto o te ipu i te mimiti i ngā poke, i te tauhohe rānei ki ngā wāhanga tauira, ā, i ētahi tātaritanga me whakamahi ngā pounamu kua horoia, kua horoia rānei i mua.
• Te whakatutuki i ngā ture tauiraKo ngā momo kaupapa aroturuki taiao katoa e arahina ana e ngā paerewa ā-motu, ā-ao rānei, pērā i te US EPA, ngā Paerewa Kounga Taiao mō te Wai Mata o Haina, me ētahi atu, ā, me whiriwhiri ngā ipu kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga tauira.

Ka raru pea ngā ipu tauira mēnā kāore i te tika te whiriwhiri, pērā i te pirau o ngā matū e hiahiatia ana, te mimiti o ngā poke, me ngā ipu parahanga, ka pā ki te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau, ka kore rānei e taea te whakakore i ngā raraunga. Nō reira, ko te whiriwhiri pūtaiao me te tika o ngā ipu tauira i roto i te aroturukitanga taiao, ehara i te mea e pā ana ki te kounga o te tātari anake, engari e pā ana hoki ki te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga me te whakatau pūtaiao mō te taiao.

Aratohu Kōwhiri Pounamu: Me pēhea te Kōwhiri i runga i te Momo Tauira me ngā Hiahia Tātari

I te aroaro o te tini o ngā ipu kohikohi tauira, he raruraru noa iho mō ngā kaiwhakamātautau te whiriwhiri tika me te pūtaiao i roto i ngā mahi whakamātautau.

1. Mā ngā āhuatanga tauira ka whakatau te kōwhiringa hanganga o te rauemi tuatahi

• Ngā āhuatanga o te tauira tonuMena he tino pōturi te tauira, he pai ake te whakamahi i tētahi pounamu karāhe me te taupoki hiri pai me te gasket PTFE hei whakanui ake i te ngaronga o ngā wāhanga. Mēnā he kaha te waikura o ngā tauira, me whakamahi koe i ngā pounamu karāhe borosilicate ātete-matū, te whakamahi rānei i te polyethylene matotoru-teitei, ngā kirihou fluorinated me ētahi atu rauemi motuhake e mōhiotia ana ko te pounamu. Hei tāpiri, mō ngā tauira hohe koiora e nui ana i ngā waikawa karihi, ngā pūmua, ngā moroiti rānei, me whakamahi i ngā ipu kore-whākōkī, kua rongoatia ki te aseptika, ā, he pai ake ngā rauemi iti te mimiti, ngā rauemi kore-pūmau rānei hei karo i te pirau o te tauira, te mimiti kore-motuhake rānei.
• Momo me te hototahitanga o ngā taputapu tātariMe whakarite te pūnaha tauira-aunoa e whakamahia ana kia rite te rahi o te ipu, te tika o te waha o te pounamu, te matotoru o te hiri, me ētahi atu ki ngā whakaritenga paerewa a te kaihanga taputapu. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia he pounamu karāhe 2 ml kua whakaritea kia tangohia pai ai te ngira werohanga, kia kore ai hoki e aukatia, e turuturu rānei te ngira. Mō te tauira ā-ringa, te tohatoha rānei, he pai ake te momo ipu ngāwari ake.
• Ngā tikanga rokiroki tauiraKo ngā āhuatanga rokiroki o te tauira ka pā tika ki te whiriwhiri rauemi me te hanganga kati o te ipu. He pai te nuinga o ngā ipu karāhe, polypropylene rānei mō ngā tauira e rongoatia ana mō ngā wā poto. Mena me rongoa ngā tauira i te pāmahana iti (-20℃, -80℃ rānei), me whakamahi ngā ngongo tio motuhake, he mea hanga ki te PP ātete pāmahana iti, ā, he hanganga hiri O-ringi ātete-takiri. Mena ka rongoatia ngā tauira ki te hauota wai mō te wā roa, me whakamahi ngā ipu hauota wai motuhake, ā, me whakamahi ngā taupoki miro ā-roto, ngā taupoki rānei hei whakapakari mō te hiri hei ārai i te tio me te pahū o ngā ipu. Hei tāpiri, mō ngā rauemi mārama, me whakamahi hoki ngā ipu parauri, mātotoru rānei, me ngā taputapu rokiroki ātete-mārama rānei.
• Te toenga o te utu me te rahi o te whakamātautauMō ngā whakamātautau tere-whakaputa, mō ngā taiwhanga whakaako rānei, ka taea te whiriwhiri i ngā ipu kirihou utu nui hei whakaiti i ngā utu hoko. Mō ngā tātaritanga tika, mō te whakahaere tauira utu nui rānei, me arotahi ki te ma o te pounamu, te kore e mimiti o ngā rauemi, me te mahi hiri, ka āwhina i te whakarite i te tika o ngā raraunga ahakoa he iti ake te utu. Hei tāpiri, i te wā e hanga ana i ngā whare pukapuka tauira, e whakahaere ana rānei i ngā kaupapa roa, he mea nui kia whakaritea ngā ipu paerewa teitei kua tohua ki te waehere pae, ātete ki te pouaka tio, ātete ki te poke, kia pai ake ai te whai huatanga o te aroturuki tauira me te whakahaere raraunga.

Ahakoa he iti te ipu tauira, he hononga nui tēnei i waenga i te hoahoa whakamātautau, te kounga tauira me ngā hua tātari. Mā te whakaaroaro pūnaha ki ngā āhuatanga o te tauira, ngā taputapu whakamātautau, ngā tikanga rokiroki me te rahi o te tahua, ka taea e te pūtake wera whakamātautau te whiriwhiri pūtaiao ake i te ipu kohikohi tauira tino tika, ka whakatakoto i te turanga pakari mō te tukanga rangahau katoa.

Ngā Auahatanga o te Ao me ngā Aronga Auaha

I te whanaketanga o te aunoatanga rangahau pūtaiao me te ariā whakamātautau matomato, kei te whanake haere ngā ipu kohinga tauira kia rite ki ngā paerewa me te tiaki taiao.

I tētahi taha, kei te piki haere ngā whakaritenga mō te tere me te mātotoru o te tukatuka tauira i roto i ngā taiwhanga tere te kaha, ā, ka akiaki i ngā ipu kia neke haere ki te whakaiti me te whakarerekē. Kei te rongonui haere ngā ipu iti-rahi, ā, ina whakamahia me ngā pūnaha aunoa, ehara i te mea ka penapena wāhi me ngā matūkai anake, engari ka whakarei ake hoki i te pai o te mahi, ka urutau ki te hiahia o ngā whakamātautau hou mō te tere me te tika.

I tētahi atu taha, kua noho ko te rangahau me te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi e pai ana ki te taiao te kaupapa matua o te umanga. Hei whakaiti i te taumahatanga taiao e hua mai ana i ngā kirihou whakakorekore, he maha ake ngā ipu kirihou e whakamahi ana i ngā rauemi pirau-koiora, ngā rauemi hanga-koiora rānei. I taua wā anō, ko te tukanga takai me te whakaputa he mea ngāwari ake, he mea matomato hoki, e rite ana ki te ia o te hanganga taiwhanga pumau.

Ā muri ake nei, ehara i te mea ka pau noa ngā ipu para, engari he wāhanga nui anō hoki o te whanaketanga atamai, pumau hoki o ngā taiwhanga.