Kupu Whakataki

I te mea kua piki haere te kino o te parahanga taiao, kua noho te whakamātautau kounga wai hei wāhanga nui o te tiaki taiao, te tiaki hauora tūmatanui me te ture ahumahi. Ahakoa he whakamātautau wai inu, he aroturuki i te tukunga wai para ahumahi, he aromatawai taiao rānei o ngā awa me ngā roto, ko ngā raraunga tātari kounga wai tika te pūtake mō te whakatau pūtaiao me te whakahaere i ngā ture.

Hei taahiraa tuatahi i roto i te tukanga whakamātautau kounga wai, he mea hono tika te tika o te kohikohinga tauira ki te pono o te tukanga whakamātautau katoa.Ahakoa he iti te rahi, he māmā hoki te āhua, ko ngā ipu tātari wai a te EPA hei kawe tauira, koinei te mea matua hei whakarite kia kore ngā tauira e poke, kia kore e tauhohe, ā, kia pumau hoki te tiaki.Ki te kore te kōwhiringa e tika, e kore e arahi noa ki te whakapohehe i ngā raraunga whakamātautau, engari ka ara ake pea te tukurua o te tauira, te whakaroa i te ahunga whakamua o te mahi, me te piki ake o ngā utu.

Te Whakamāramatanga me te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Pounamu Tātari Wai EPA

He ipu tauira motuhake ngā ipu tātari wai a te EPA e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa tauira me te tātari a te EPA, ā, e whakamahia ana hei kohikohi me te tiaki i ngā tauira wai mō ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga o muri mai. Kua whakaritea ēnei ipu ki ngā tūemi whakamātautau rerekē, ngā whakaritenga tiaki, me ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi hei whakaiti i te poke, te pirau, ngā huringa hanganga rānei i te wā e kawe ana me te rokiroki ana, me te whakarite i te tika me te taea te whakaputa anō i ngā hua tātari.

E ai ki ngā rauemi me ngā mahi rerekē, ka wehea ngā ipu tātari wai EPA ki ngā kāwai e whai ake nei:

1. Ngā ipu karaihe

• He mea whakamahi noa mō te kohikohi i ngā poke rauropi nā te mea he koretake, kāore e ngāwari te mimiti i ngā matū e hiahiatia ana, ā, ka taea te tu atu i te whakahoromata pāmahana teitei. He maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia ki ngā taupoki tīwiri me ngā gasket PTFE/silicone hei whakarei ake i te hiri me te pumau matū.

2. Ngā pounamu polyethylene

• Tae atu ki ngā rauemi polyethylene kiato-teitei me ngā rauemi polyethylene kiato-iti, e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te whakamātautau i ngā taumata e rima o ngā poke pērā i ngā katote konganuku, ngā tote matūkai, ngā anion me ngā katione. He ātete ki te pānga, he mama hoki ēnei pounamu, he pai mō te kawe ki te wāhi mahi me te whakamahi nui.

3. Ngā pounamu amber

• He pai te mahi whakamarumaru, ā, he mea motuhake te whakamahi mō te tātari i ngā matū e tairongo ana ki te mārama, e taea ai te ārai i ngā tauhohenga matū, te pirau rānei i puta mai i te UV.

4. Ngā pounamu kua whakakikoruatia ki te Teflon

• He pai mō te tātari taumata-tōtika teitei, pērā i te kohikohi i ngā konganuku taumaha tōtika, i ngā tauira waikura kaha rānei. He tino pai te ātete matū me te kore e tauhohe ki te PTFE, ā, e kore e tauhohe ki te nuinga o ngā matū, engari he utu nui.

He whānuitanga motuhake tō ia rauemi o ngā ipu tātari wai EPA, me hāngai te kōwhiringa ki te āhua o ngā tūemi whakamātautau, ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te ūnga, tae atu ki te maimoatanga-mua kia ōrite ki te momo pounamu me ngā āhuatanga maimoatanga-mua e tika ana. Mēnā kāore i te tika te whiriwhiri i te ipu, ka raru pea i ngā raraunga whakamātautau, ka arahi rānei ki te para tauira, ka hiahiatia rānei kia kohia anō, ka pā ki te tukanga kaupapa katoa.

Ngā Take Matua mō te Kōwhiri i ngā Pouaka Tātari Wai EPA

I roto i ngā whakamātautau kounga wai, he mea nui te whiriwhiri i ngā ipu tātari wai EPA tika hei whakarite i ngā hua tika.

1. Momo tūemi whakamātautau

He rerekē ngā whakaritenga tauira mō ngā tūemi whakamātautau rerekē, nō reira ko te taahiraa tuatahi ki te whiriwhiri i ngā ipu tātari wai EPA ko te tautuhi i ngā tūemi whakamātautau:

• Te kimi i ngā poke rauropiMe whakamahi ngā pounamu karāhe pērā i ngā matū waro āhua-pūngoikore, ngā matū waro āhua-pūngoikore, me ētahi atu. Ka ārai pai te rauemi karāhe i te mimiti me te whakapūngoikore o ngā wāhanga waro, ā, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia te tāpiri waikawa i mua hei aukati i te mahi moroiti me te aukati i te pirau o te ūnga.
• Te kimi i te konganuku taumahaMe whakamahi ngā pounamu polyethylene kiato-teitei mō ngā mea pēnei i te mata, te mercury, te cadmium me ētahi atu mea iti o te konganuku, nā te mea kāore e pokanoa ki te papamuri o te konganuku, kāore e ngāwari ki te mimiti i ngā katote konganuku, ā, he pai te pumau o te matū.
• Whakamātautau moroitiKo ngā tauira pēnei i te huakita coliform, te tapeke o ngā koroni, me ētahi atu, me whakamahi i ngā pounamu kirihou parakore, ka taea te whakamahi, ko te PET, ko te polypropylene rānei te tikanga, kia kore ai e poke ngā tauira i mua i te kawe.

2. Kōwhiringa rauemi

He rerekē ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi rerekē, ā, he rerekē te pānga ki ngā raraunga whakamātautau:

• Ngā pounamu karāhe: ātete ki te pāmahana teitei, kore e ngenge i ngā matū, kāore e ngāwari ki te tauhohe ki ngā matū waro, kua urutau ki te tātari waro. Heoi, he nui te taumaha, he ngāwari ki te pakaru, me tūpato te kawe.
• Ngā pounamu kirihou (polyethylene, polypropylene, me ētahi atu)He māmā, kāore e ngāwari te pakaru, he pai mō te nuinga o ngā tātaritanga kore-waro. Heoi, ka mimiti pea ētahi kirihou i ngā poke waro, ka tuku rānei i ngā poke papamuri, kāore e pai mō ngā tātaritanga waro iti.

3. Me tukatuka-mua rānei

Me whakakī wawe ngā ipu tātari wai EPA ki ngā mea tiaki, ki ngā maimoatanga rānei hei pupuri i te pumau o te tauira:

• Ko ngā mea tiaki noa ko te HCI, te HNO₃, me te NaOH.
• Te maimoatanga i mua i te papaanga: ka taea te whakaiti i ngā huringa, engari me whai tikanga whakahaere me ētahi āhuatanga i runga i te papaanga.
• Te maimoatanga i mua i te taiwhanga: he tika ake te whakahaere, engari me teitei ake ngā tikanga rokiroki tauira, ā, ka puta pea ngā huringa i te wā e kawe ana.

4. Tae o te pounamu

• Pounamu parauriHei kohi tauira i ngā matū e tairongo ana ki te mārama, pērā i ētahi patu pepeke, ngā poke rauropi, me ētahi atu. Ka taea e ia te aukati i ngā hihi ultraviolet me te whakaroa i te pirau o te tauira.
• Pounamu mārama: he pai mō ngā kaupapa kāore e pāngia e te mārama, he ngāwari ki te tirotiro i te tae o ngā tauira wai, te pōuri me ētahi atu āhuatanga ā-tinana, engari kāore i te tūtohutia mō te kimi i ngā matū e pāngia ana e te mārama.

5. Kōwhiringa rōrahi

• Me ahu mai i te tikanga whakamātautau. Ngā whakaritenga taiwhanga me te mahere kaupapa hei whiriwhiri i te rahinga o te pounamu. Ko ngā whakatakotoranga noa ko te 40ml, 125ml, 500ml, me ētahi atu.
• Ko ētahi kaupapa e hiahia ana kia waihotia he "wāhi pane hau" hei tāpiri i ngā matū, hei ārai rānei i te huka me te whānui; ko ētahi kaupapa ia e hiahia ana kia kaua e waiho he wāhi, ā, me whakakī te pounamu kia kī tonu.

Ngā Paerewa me ngā Whakaritenga Ture a te EPA

I roto i te whakamātautau kounga wai, ehara i te mea he wāhanga noa iho o te mahi whakamātautau ngā ipu tauira, engari he wāhanga nui anō hoki o te mana whakahaere pakari o ngā tikanga ture, e whakamārama ana te EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) i ngā tikanga whakamātautau maha i roto i ngā ipu tātari wai mō te momo tātari wai, ngā rauemi, me te whakahaere kia tika ai ngā raraunga tātari pūtaiao, tika, me te tutuki i ngā ture.

1. Ngā paerewa aroturuki kounga wai a te EPA me ngā whakaritenga pounamu tauira

Kei raro nei ētahi tikanga whakamātautau EPA me ō rātou whakaritenga motuhake mō te whakamātautau i ngā pounamu:

• EPA 524.2 (whakamātautau VOC): me whakamahi i ngā pounamu karāhe kau kore-upoko 40 ml me ngā hiri PTFE/silicone, me te waikawa hauwaiora i tāpirihia ki te pounamu hei tiaki. Me whakakī te pounamu ki runga, kia kore he mirumiru hau, he āputa rānei hei ārai i te putanga mai o ngā VOC.
• EPA 200.8 (Te kimi ICP-MS i ngā huānga whakarewa): e taunakitia ana te whakamahi i ngā pounamu kirihou HDPE, me tāpirihia ngā pounamu ki te waikawa hauota i mua i te whakakawa i te waikawa hei ārai i te mimiti o te whakarewa.
• Raupapa EPA 300 (tātari irahiko katote o ngā anion me ngā katione)Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā pounamu polypropylene, polyethylene rānei, me te kore e tāpiri waikawa, me ma hoki ngā pounamu, ā, me kore hoki he katote e pāngia ana.
• Raupapa EPA 1600 (whakamātautau moroiti): me whakamahi i ngā pounamu kirihou parakore, ka taea te whakamahi hei whakakore i ngā tohu o te coliform katoa, te enterococci me ētahi atu tohu, ka taea te tāpiri i te nui e tika ana o te konutai thiosulfate ki te pounamu hei whakakore i ngā toenga chlorine.

He tino ture kei ia paerewa mō te momo pounamu, te rahinga, te pāmahana rokiroki me te wā rokiroki, ā, ki te kore e aro ki ēnei taipitopito, ka kore pea he raraunga e tika.

2. Ngā whakaritenga pūnaha whakamana taiwhanga mō ngā ipu tauira

I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā taiwhanga tuatoru e hiahia ana ki te whakamanatanga motuhake, pēnei i:

• NELAC (Hui Whakamana Taiwhanga Taiao ā-Motu)e kī ana me tutuki ngā ipu tauira, ngā tikanga tauira, me ngā tikanga tiaki i ngā paerewa EPA, ā-motu rānei, me te tuhi hoki i tētahi mekameka tauira katoa.
• ISO/IEC 17025 (Ngā Whakaritenga Whānui mō te Pūkenga o ngā Taiwhanga Whakamātautau me te Whakatikatika): e whakanui ana i te āheinga ki te whai i ngā tauira, te whakahaere paerewa o ngā taputapu tauira me ngā tuhinga o tō rātou whakamahinga, me te whakatū i ngā SOP (Ngā Tukanga Whakahaere Paerewa) mō te whiriwhiri ipu, te horoi me te rokiroki.

Me whai pūnaha whakahaere kohinga tauira tino pakari ngā taiwhanga kua whiwhi i ēnei tohu, ā, me tuhi hoki te kōwhiringa me te whakamahinga o ngā pounamu tauira mō ngā arotake ā-roto, ā-waho rānei.

3. Ngā pānga whai hua o ngā mahi hanganga ture

Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā ipu tātari wai paerewa EPA tika me te tutuki i ngā ture ehara i te mea ko te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiwhanga, kaupapa rānei anake, engari e pā tika ana ki ēnei e whai ake nei:

• Me whakarite kia tika te mana pūtaiao me te mana ture o ngā raraunga whakamātautauKo ngā tikanga tauira me te tiaki e ai ki ngā ture te pūtake o te aroturukitanga o ngā raraunga kia whakaaetia e ngā tari kāwanatanga, e ngā kōti, e te hapori rānei.
• Te whakatutuki i ngā arotake kaupapa me ngā arotake koungaIna koa i roto i ngā tukanga aromatawai pānga taiao, ngā whakaaetanga tukunga, te whakaae taiao, me ētahi atu, mā te whakamahinga paerewa o ngā pounamu tauira ka kore e whakahokia mai, e whakamatautauria anō rānei nā te kore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga.
• Āraia te para tauira me te mōrearea o te kohikohinga anōKia kitea he hē te tauira, me kohi anō, ehara i te mea ka whakaroa noa i te ahunga whakamua, engari ka piki ake hoki te utu o te mahi, o ngā rauemi me te kawe waka.

Ngā Whakatūpato i roto i te Mahi Hoahoa

Ahakoa kua whiriwhiria ngā ipu tātari wai a te EPA e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa a te EPA, ki te kore e tika te whakahaere i te wā e tangohia ana te tauira, te rokiroki, me te kawe, ka pāngia tonu te tauira, ka heke te kounga, ka kore rānei e whai mana ngā raraunga. Nō reira, he mea nui kia aro nui ki ngā taipitopito katoa kia mau tonu ai te pono o te tauira me te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau.

1. Tirotiro i te hiri o te taupoki

Ko te hiri o ngā ipu tātari wai EPA e pā tika ana ki te āhua o te tauira ka memeha, ka turuturu, ka tauhohe rānei mā te mimiti i te makuku i te wā e ora ana:

• I mua i te tango tauira, me tirotiro te taupoki kia kitea ai mēnā he piri tonu te taupoki ki te waha o te pounamu, mehemea hoki he āhua rerekē, he whati, he tawhito rānei.
• Mō te kimi i ngā matū waro pūngāwerewere me ētahi atu mea tairongo rawa atu, he mea nui ake te whakamahi i tētahi taupoki hiri miro me te gasket PTFE/silicone, te whakau, kātahi ka tirotirohia kia kore ai he turuturu.
• Me whakau tonu te taupoki i muri i te otinga o te tauira hei karo i te roa o te wā e whakamahia ana.

2. Ngā tikanga hei karo i te whakawhiti-parahanga

Tērā pea ka puta he raruraru papamuri i roto i tētahi mahi kore-ma, ka pā ki te taumata papamuri o te tauira, he mea tino nui i roto i te tātari tohu, i te kimi moroiti rānei:

• Whakamahia he karapu whakakorekore mō ia kohinga tauira, ka whakahokia te pounamu i mua i te pureitanga hei ārai i te whakawhiti i te poke.
• Whakamahia ngā taputapu tauira motuhake (hei tauira, ngā tokotoko tauira, ngā papu tauira, me ētahi atu) ka horoi, ka whakakapi rānei i aua mea kia tino horoia i waenga i ngā pūwāhi tauira.
• Mō ngā tauira e hiahia ana kia tukatukahia i mua i te wāhi i tangohia ai te wai, whakamahia he pipette ma, he ipu rānei kua whakakīia ki ngā mea tiaki hei karo i te roa o te wā e pāngia ai e te hau.

3. Ngā whakaritenga tiaki me te kawe tauira

Ka taea e ngā tauira wai te whakarerekē, te pirau, te pakaru rānei mēnā kāore i te rongoatia, i te kawehia rānei i te wā mai i te wā o te kohikohinga tae noa ki te wā o te tātari whakamātautau:

• Te pāmahana tiakiKo te nuinga o ngā ipu tātari wai EPA me pupuri i raro i ngā tikanga whakamatao i te 4℃, ā, i te nuinga o te wā ka haria i roto i te pouaka whakamatao, i roto rānei i te kete hukapapa; me tino whakahaere te pāmahana o ngā tauira moroiti me te tātari i roto i ngā haora 6.
• Te wā tiakiHe rerekē ngā wā tiaki mōrahi o ngā taonga rerekē, hei tauira, 14 ngā rā mō ngā VOC, 48 hāora mō ngā tote matūkai, ā, tae atu ki te 6 marama mō ngā konganuku taumaha (i raro i ngā āhuatanga i mua i te waikawa).
• Te Tapanga IpuMe tāpiri he tapanga tau nekehanga ki ia pounamu tauira e whakaatu ana i te wā me te wāhi i tangohia ai te tauira, te ingoa o te taonga, me te tikanga tiaki kia kore ai e pōhēhē te tauira.
• Ngā tuhinga kawe wakaHe mea pai kia whakamahia te tauira me te pepa kohi tauira hei tuhi i te tukanga katoa o te tauira mai i te kohikohinga ki te taiwhanga kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia o te whakahaere kounga me te arotake.

Ngā Tauira o ngā Whakaaro Hē me ngā Hapa Noa

I roto i ngā mahi aroturuki kounga wai, nā te kore o te mōhio ki te whakamahinga o ngā whakaritenga mō ngā pounamu tauira, he maha ngā wā ka kitea he pānga iti engari he nui ki ngā hua o te hapa whakahaere. Kei raro nei ētahi whakamāramatanga hē me ngā hua i puta mai i aua hapa, hei tohutoro me hei whakatūpato.

1. Te poke o te tauira, te mimiti rānei nā te whakamahinga o te rauemi hē

• Mena ka whakamahia ngā pounamu kirihou noa hei kohi tauira VOC, ka ngawari te mimiti, te uru rānei o ngā poke waro ki ngā pounamu kirihou (ina koa ko te PVC, ko te polyethylene kounga iti rānei), ka heke te kukū ūnga me te iti, te kore rānei e kitea te uara kitenga. Me whakamahi ngā pounamu karāhe e whakahaeretia ana e te EPA me ngā pane kore hau, me ngā gasket PTFE/silicone i roto i te taupoki hei whakarite i te koretake o te matū me te hiri.

2. Mā te kore e aro ki ngā pānga o te aro ki te whakaahua ka heke te kounga o te tauira

• Mena ka whakamahia ngā pounamu karāhe mārama hei kohi tauira toenga patu pepeke, ā, ka roa te wā e whiti ana ki te rā i muri i te tango tauira, he tino tairongo ētahi matū rauropi pērā i ngā patu pepeke, ngā PAH, me ngā matū nitroaromatic ki te mārama, ā, ka pirau pea, ka huri i raro i te mārama, ka puta he hua hē. Mō ngā mea tairongo-ataata, me whakamahi ngā pounamu parauri mō te tango tauira, ā, me penapena wawe ngā tauira me te tiaki mai i te mārama i muri i te tango tauira, ā, me karo hoki i te rā tika i te wā e kawe ana.

3. Kāore he mea tiaki, kāore hoki he tikanga rokiroki hē, ka pirau te tauira

• Mena i kohia ngā tauira hauota haukini me te kore he matū tiaki, ā, i rongoatia ki te pouaka whakamātao mō ngā haora 24 i mua i te tukunga atu ki te whakamātautau. I te pāmahana rūma, ka tere te whakapūngao o ngā moroiti i te hauota haukini i roto i te wai, ka huri rānei ki ētahi atu āhua, ka hua ake he huringa o te kukū hauota haukini, ā, ka kore e whai mana ngā hua whakamātautau. Me whakawaikawa ngā tauira mā te tāpiri i te waikawa whanariki, te waikawa hauwai rānei i muri tonu i te kohi hei aukati i te mahi a ngā moroiti, ā, me kawe i raro i ngā tikanga pouaka whakamātao i te 4°C kia tino tukuna atu ai ki te whakamātautau i roto i te wā kua whakaritea.

Mā ēnei whakaaro hē noa e whakamahara mai ko te whiriwhiri i ngā ipu tātari wai EPA tika ko te taahiraa tuatahi noa iho, ā, ko te mea nui ake, ko te whakahaere paerewa o te tukanga katoa me ngā taipitopito o te mana whakahaere, kia tika ai, kia pono hoki ngā raraunga whakamātautau kounga wai, me te whai mana ture me te hangarau.

Whakamutunga

I roto i te aroturukitanga kounga wai, ahakoa he ipu iti noa iho ngā ipu tātari wai a te EPA, he mea nui tonu tā rātou mahi i roto i te tukanga tauira me te tātari katoa. He mea nui te whiriwhiri i ngā ipu tātari wai a te EPA kia tika ai ngā raraunga, kia taea ai te whai me te tutuki i ngā ture.

Mā te whiriwhiri tika i ngā pounamu tauira, me ngā tikanga whakahaere paerewa (pēnei i te whakamahinga o ngā mea tiaki, te penapena kia tawhiti atu i te mārama, te kawe i roto i te pouaka whakamātao, me ētahi atu), ka taea te whakaiti i ngā huringa o te kohikohinga, te rokiroki me te kawe i ngā tauira, kia tino pono ai, kia whai mana ture ai ngā hua whakamātautau whakamutunga.

Hei tāpiritanga, e taunakihia ana kia whakaritea e ia wāhanga he whakangungu kanohi mō ngā kaiwhakamātautau hei whakapai ake i te māramatanga me te whakatinanatanga o ngā paerewa EPA me ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga pounamu tauira, kia kore ai e puta he raruraru pēnei i te keri anō, te whakakorenga raraunga, te korenga rānei o te arotake nā ngā hapa whakahaere, kia pai ake ai te ngaiotanga me te kounga o te mahi aroturuki kounga wai.