Kupu Whakataki

I roto i te tukanga whakaputa rongoā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā whakarewa i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha o te hanga API, te tango, te purenga me ngā tukanga hanga. Heoi, ki te kore e tangohia katoatia ēnei whakarewa rauropi mai i te hua whakamutunga, ka puta he "rewa toenga". He paitini, he mate pukupuku, he tūponotanga hauora pea ētahi whakarewa, nō reira, ko te whakahaere pakari i te ihirangi o ngā whakarewa toenga i roto i ngā rongoā ehara i te mea he hononga matua hei whakarite i te haumaru o ngā rongoā a ngā tūroro, engari he wāhanga nui hoki o te whakahaere kounga o ngā rongoā.

I roto i te tātaritanga āputa o te upoko, ka hiritia te tauira ki roto i tētahi ipu motuhake hei whakamahana., kia tukuna ai ngā wāhanga pūngāwerewere ki te wāhi hau i runga ake i te ipu, kātahi ka whakaurua tēnei hau ki roto i te chromatograph hau hei tātari. Ko te pono me te tika o tēnei taahiraa ngāwari te āhua nei e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi mea nui e pau ana – arā, ngā ipu headspace.

Tirohanga Whānui o ngā Tikanga Tātari Whakarewa Toenga

Ko te whānuitanga o ngā whakarewa toenga kei roto i ngā rongoā, me ngā āhuatanga paitini rerekē, me whakarōpū me te whakahaere i runga i ō rātou tūponotanga kino ina tātarihia me te whakahaeretia. Ko ngā whakamaharatanga whakarōpūtanga arotake-ā-ao e whakarōpū ana i ngā whakarewa toenga ki ngā wāhanga e toru e whai ake nei:

1. Akomanga 1: Ngā whakarewa kua rāhuitia

Me karo i te tukanga whakaputa tae atu ki te benzene, te methylene chloride, te 1,2-dichloroethane, te carbon tetrachloride, me ētahi atu, he kaha te whakaputa mate pukupuku me ngā tūponotanga taiao. He tino kaha te whakahaere i ngā here, ā, i te nuinga o te wā ka tatauhia i ngā taumata ppm, i raro iho rānei.

2. Akomanga 2: Ngā whakarewa kei raro i te mana whakahaere iti

Tae atu ki te toluene, te acetonitrile, te DMF, te waipiro isopropyl me ērā atu. E whakaaetia ana te pakeke o ēnei whakarewa i raro i ētahi herenga, engari kei a rātou tonu ētahi tūponotanga paitini. Ka whakatakotoria ngā herenga i runga i te ADI, ā, me tino aroturukitia.

3. Akomanga 3: Ngā whakarewa iti te paitini

Kei roto i ēnei ko te etanoru, te propanol, te etilasetēte, me ētahi atu, he iti nei te paitini ki te tangata, ā, e kiia ana he haumaru mō ngā rongoā tae atu ki te 50 mg te horomanga ia rā.

Hei whakatau tika i te momo me te ihirangi o ēnei whakarewa toenga, ko te chromatography hau (GC) te tikanga tātari rongonui i tēnei wā, he painga nui tōna o te tairongo nui, te whai huatanga o te wehenga, me te whai pānga ki ngā matū pūngoikore, ka taea ai te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te tātari whakarewa toenga mō te kimi tohu.

I roto i ngā momo werohanga o te chromatography āhuarangi, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o te hangarau werohanga headspace hei kimi i ngā whakarewa toenga i roto i ngā rongoā. Mā te hangarau nei, mā te whakamahi i te tauira kua hiritia ki roto i te pounamu headspace, kua whakamahanatia ki te pāmahana e tika ana, ka tukuna te whakarewa i roto i te tauira ki roto i te wāhi hau o te pounamu, kātahi ka tangohia mai i te wāhi tetahi rahinga hau kua riihitia ki roto i te GC hei tātari.

Ko ngā painga o te whāngai i te pane o te tinana ko:

• Te whakaiti i te maimoatanga o mua i te tauirakāore e hiahiatia he mahi tango whakarewa, he mahi whakaranu rānei, ā, ka taea te whakamahana tika i ngā tauira i roto i tētahi rūma hiri;
• Te whakapai ake i te āheinga tāruarua me te pumauMā te whakahaere tika i te pāmahana me te wā whakamahana, ka ōrite ake te piki me te heke o te tauira, ka whakaiti i ngā hapa whakahaere;
• Te karo i te poke, i te kino rānei o te pouKo te wāhanga hau anake ka whakaurua ki roto i te pūnaha chromatography, e whakaiti nui ana i te pokanoa o ngā wāhanga kore-pohehe ki te pou me te pūoko.
• He pai mō te tātari aunoa: ka taea te hono pai i te pūnaha werohanga headspace ki te autosampler, he mea e tika ana mō ngā hiahia kimi tere tere.

Heoi, he mea nui te whakamahi i tētahi ipu tauira pumau, pono hoki, arā, ngā ipu headspace, mō te tātari headspace whai hua, tika hoki. Ehara i te mea ko te whanonga whakakorikori me te pānga hiri o te tauira anake te mea e whakahaere tika ana, engari he pānga tika anō hoki ki ngā hua tātari whakamutunga.

Te Whakamāramatanga me ngā Pānga o ngā Pounamu Headspace

I roto i te tikanga tauira mokowā-upoko, ko te whakamahana me te whakapūpū o te tauira me te tukanga kohikohi mokowā hau ka puta i roto i ngā ipu mokowā-upoko pērā i ngā ipu ārai-hau, ahakoa te āhua māmā noa iho, engari he pānga nui tō te hoahoa me te mahi a ngā ipu mokowā-upoko ki te pono o te tukanga tātari katoa.
Ko ngā ipu headspace he rahinga tauira i hangaia mō te werohanga headspace i roto i te chromatography hau. Ko tōna hanganga noa he mea hanga i ēnei wāhanga:

Pounamu: he mea hanga i te nuinga o te wā ki te karāhe borosilicate teitei, he ātete pai ki te pāmahana teitei me te kore e mimiti matū, e wātea ana i roto i ngā rahinga 10ml, 20ml, nui atu rānei;

Te whakatuwheratanga/miro o te pounamu: he whānui te whakatuwheratanga 20mm, he pai mō ngā taupoki konumohe me ngā pūnaha tauira aunoa;

Pōtae: he mea pēhi i te nuinga o te wā mai i tētahi rauemi e tutuki ana kia mau ai te pounamu;

PakitaraHe pai te hanganga o ngā rauemi hiato PTFE me te silicone, he ātete pai ki te pāmahana teitei me te kore e mimiti i ngā matū, ā, ka taea te tu atu ki te werohanga maha me te kore e turuturu.

Ko te mahi matua a te pounamu mokowā-upoko he whakarato i tētahi taiao kati, kore mahi, me te whakahaeretia. Ko te tikanga o te whakamahana i ngā whakarewa pūngāwerewere i roto i te tauira ko te whakawera i te pounamu ki runga ake i te wāhi hau, ko te hanganga o tētahi taurite hau e tohu ana i te kukū whakarewa i roto i te tauira taketake.

Ina koa, ka kitea tōna tūranga i roto i ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

Taurangi hiri: he pai te hiri hei whakarite kia kore te tauira e turuturu, e ngaro rānei i te whakarewa i te wā e whakamahanahia ana, e okiokihia ana rānei;

Te tiaki rauemi kore mahi: ka ārai ngā rauemi karāhe me te gasket kounga teitei i te tauhohenga ki te tauira, ki te whakarewa rānei, ka karo i te whakaurunga o ngā hua pai teka, i te pokanoa rānei ki te tohu;

Ngā āhuatanga rōrahi pumau: ka whai wāhi ngā pounamu paerewa ki te pumau o te mokowā pane me te āheinga ki te whakaputa anō, ka āwhina i te ine me te whakatairite i ngā hua tātari.

Ko te whakahē ā-hinengaro o ngā ipu Headspace e whakamahia ana ki tētahi tauira headspace aunoa. Ko te tukanga mahi e whai ake nei:

1. Ka tāpirihia te otinga tauira ki te ipu āputa-upoko, ā, ka hiritia;
2. Ka whāngaihia te ipu e te autosampler ki roto i te waeine whakamahana thermostatic;
3. Ka whakamahanahia te tauira i roto i te ipu ki te pāmahana kua whakaritea, ā, ka heke ngā wāhanga pūngāwerewere ki te āputa o mua;
4. Ka werohia te gasket e te ngira werohanga, ka kukume mai i te nui o te hau mai i te āputa o mua;
5. Ka whāngaihia te hau ki roto i te pūwhakamātautau hau hei wehenga me te kimi i te whakaoho.

I roto i tēnei tukanga, ko te pumau o te hanganga, te mahi poka o te gasket, me te hiri o ngā ipu headspace e pā tika ana ki te ōritetanga o te tauira me te tika o te tauira. Ina koa, ko te whakamahinga o ngā ipu headspace paerewa, pono hoki i roto i ngā mahi aunoa he mea nui kia pai ai te rere o te tukanga tātari, kia whakaitihia ai hoki ngā reiti rahunga.

He aha te mea nui ai ngā ipu Headspace?

Ahakoa ko te pūwhakamātautau hau me te pūoko te taputapu matua mō te tātaritanga whakarewa toenga, he rite tonu te hiranga o te ipu āputa. Hei kaikawe i ngā tātaritanga mai i te maimoatanga o mua o te tauira ki te werohanga, e pā tika ana tana mahi ki te pumau o te pūnaha tātaritanga katoa me te pono o ngā raraunga.

1. Te mana pupuri me te whakahaere i te piki me te heke o te tauira

Ko ngā whakarewa toenga he matū waro iti te kohua, he matū pūngāwerewere, ā, he tino ngāwari ki te ngaro i te wā e whakaatuhia ana, e whakamahanahia ana, e rongoatia ana rānei. Mēnā kāore e hiritia pai ngā ipu o te pane puta noa i te huringa tātari, ka rerekē pea te nui o te whakarewa, ka hua ake he hua hē.

Ka taea te whakamahana i ngā ipu headspace kounga teitei ki runga ake i te 100-150°C i roto i te āhua hiri, kia mōhio ai ka tukuna noa ngā wāhanga pūngāwerewere me te tātari i raro i ngā tikanga kua whakaritea;

Mā te whakahaere tika o te tauira kia eke ki te taurite hau-wai i te pāmahana me te rōrahi pumau ka whakanui ake i te tika me te āheinga ki te tāruarua i ngā hua.

2. Te awe o te mahi hiri ki ngā hua tātari

E toru ngā wāhanga o te pūnaha hiri o te ipu Headspace: te taupoki, te gasket me te waha. Mēnā he hiri ngoikore i tētahi wāhi, ka puta pea te turuturu o te tauira, te haruru papamuri nui, te poke rānei o te tauira.

Ehara i te mea ko ngā gasket PTFE/silicone kounga teitei anake te ātete ki ngā pāmahana teitei me ngā matū, engari ka taea hoki te tu atu ki ngā poka maha me te pupuri i te hiri pai;

Ka taea e te gasket kounga iti, te repe ngoikore rānei te puta o te whakarewa i mua i te tātari, i te wā rānei e whakamahana ana, ka pā tika ki te horahanga tihi me te whakaiti i te tika o te tauanga.

3. Hototahi ki ngā pūnaha tauira-aunoa

E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā werohanga headspace aunoa i roto i ngā taiwhanga hou hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te ōritetanga o ngā hua, ā, mā te hoahoa paerewa o te pounamu Headspace ka taea te urutau tika ki ngā waitohu matua o ngā pūnaha werohanga.

Mā ngā āhuatanga paerewa ka taea te tautuhi aunoa i ngā pounamu, te whakanoho tika me te wero i roto i te werohanga;

Mā te whakaiti i ngā hapa ā-ringa ka pai ake te pai o te tukatuka tauira me te ōritetanga o ngā raraunga, ka pai ai te pounamu Headspace mō ngā whakamātautau tere-whakamātautau.

4. Te koretake o ngā rauemi i roto i ngā matū

Kaua hoki e warewarehia te matū o ngā pounamu me ngā rauemi hiri ina tātarihia ana ngā whakarewa iti. Tērā pea ka mimiti, ka tauhohe rānei ngā rauemi kounga iti ki ngā ngota whakarewa, ā, ka hua ake he hua hē.

He koretake te karāhe borosilicate i roto i ngā matū, ā, he pumau hoki i roto i te wera, e ārai ana i te mimiti o te whakarewa, i te pirau rānei i roto i te wera;

Mō ētahi pūnaha whakarewa motuhake, me whai gaskets i hangaia ki ngā rauemi motuhake hei whakarite i te aro ki te kitea me te pumau o te tauira.

Ehara te pounamu Headspace i te ipu tauira noa iho, engari he wāhanga matua hei whakarite kia pono, kia ōrite, kia taea hoki te whakaputa anō i ngā hua o te tātaritanga whakarewa toenga. He maha ngā mahi nui e mahia ana e ia i roto i te mekameka tātaritanga katoa, pērā i te tiaki hiri, te whakahaere i te mimiti, te taurite pūnaha, te whakamana i te koretake o te matū, me ētahi atu. Ko tētahi o ngā mea e kore e taea te whakakapi hei whakatutuki i te whakamātautau tarukino kounga teitei.

Ngā Take Matua mō te Kōwhiri i te Pouaka Headspace Tika

I roto i te tātaritanga whakarewa toenga, ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi ipu mokowā-upoko e tika ana he mea nui hei whakarite i te tika o ngā raraunga me te ōritetanga o te tikanga. He rerekē ngā whakaritenga mō ngā rauemi, te hanganga me te mahi o te ipu mokowā-upoko mō ngā hiahia whakamātautau rerekē, ngā momo tauira me ngā papa taputapu. Me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga matua e whai ake nei i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi ipu mokowā-upoko:

1. Rauemi: momo karāhe me te mārama

• Karāhe borosilicate Akomanga I: te rauemi pounamu pai rawa atu mō te tātaritanga whakarewa toenga. Ko tōna ātete pai ki te wera me te matū me te iti rawa o te kukū o ngā katote i whakapūpūtia ka ārai i ngā tauhohenga matū i waenga i te whakarewa me te pounamu, ka karo i ngā hua teka, i te pokanoa rānei ki te tohu.
• Te māramatanga teitei o te pounamu: ka taea te tirotiro tere i te āhua o te tauira i te wā e whakakīia ana, e tirotirohia ana, e tirohia ana rānei te kounga, pērā i te kitea o ngā matūriki, te nui tika o te wai, me ētahi atu, me te ngāwari hoki o te tautuhi mā ngā pūnaha aunoa.

2. Kōwhiringa rōrahi: ngā whakatakotoranga e whakamahia whānuitia ana 10ml, 20ml

Me whiriwhiri te kaha o te pounamu Headspace i runga i te huinga o ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

• Te rahinga tauiraKo te rahinga o te tauira he tata ki te 50% o te rahinga o te pounamu kia nui ai te wāhi hau mō te taurite o te mimiti;
• Ngā Whakaritenga Tikanga TātariHei tauira, ko te tikanga whakarewa toenga USP <467> e taunaki ana kia whakamahia he ipu mokowā-upoko 20 ml;
• Hototahi ki te tauira aunoa: whakaūtia kei te tautoko te pounamu kua tīpakohia i te tauira taputapu i whakamahia, inā koa te pounamu i runga ake i te kōhao.

3. Momo hiri taupoki: te hiri me te pai o te matū

Rauemi whakakīKo te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te PTFE hiato, ko tōna hanganga paparua-rua e whakakotahi ana i te ātete matū o te PTFE me te ngāwari o te hiri silicone, ka taea te tu atu ki te wero i te pāmahana teitei me te pupuri i te hiri pai; mō ngā whakarewa waikura kaha, whakamataku rānei, ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri i tētahi apa PTFE whakakaha teitei-parakore.

Ngā momo taupoki pounamuHe pai ngā taupoki konumohe mō te nuinga o ngā taputapu, he piri tonu te repe me te hiri pai rawa atu; He pai ngā taupoki aukume mō ngā pūnaha tauira aunoa me te tautuhi aukume, e āwhina ana ki te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whāngai me te tika o te tūnga; Ahakoa he watea ngā taupoki miro mō te whakahaere ā-ringa, kāore pea e hiri pai pērā i ngā momo repe, ā, he pai ake mō ngā wāhanga whanaketanga, ngā āhuatanga kore-teitei rānei.

4. Ngā whakaaro mō te whakamahinga anō me te utu

He pai ngā ipu karāhe ka taea te whakamahi anō (e hiahia ana kia horoia i te pāmahana teitei me te whakamatea) mō ētahi tikanga kore-rongoā, mō ngā rangahau whanaketanga rānei, ā, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu mō te wā roa;

Heoi, mō ngā mahi hanga GMP, mō ngā taiwhanga whakahaere kounga ōkawa rānei, he pai ake ngā ipu kotahi-whakamahinga hei whakarite i te ma me te karo i te poke whakawhiti;

I te wā e hoko ana i roto i ngā puranga, he mea nui anō hoki kia paunatia te kounga o te waitohu, te ōritetanga o ia puranga, me te utu hei whiriwhiri i tētahi kaiwhakarato e tuku ana i te taurite o te mahi me te utu.

Ko te whiriwhiri whakaaro nui i te ipu headspace ehara i te mea he mahi taketake noa iho, engari he whakaaturanga hoki o te mōhiotanga ki te whakahaere kounga. Ko ia kōwhiringa tawhā iti nei he mea nui ki te tika o ngā hua, te pumau o te pūnaha me te whai huatanga o te taiwhanga. Nō reira, ko te māramatanga hōhonu ki ēnei āhuatanga matua he pūkenga ngaio nui mō ia tohunga hangarau e mahi ana i roto i te tātari rongoā.

Ngā Pātai me ngā Tuhipoka e Pātai Auautia ana

Ahakoa e whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā ipu headspace i roto i te tātaritanga whakarewa toenga, tera pea ka ara ake tonu ētahi raruraru i roto i te mahi nā te kore e tika te whakahaere, te whiriwhiri rānei i ngā mea e pau ana. Ko ngā raruraru noa me ngā taunakitanga mō te ārai:

1. Me pēhea te karo i te whakawhiti-parahanga o ngā tauira

Ehara i te mea ko te whakawhiti-paru anake te pānga ki te tika o ngā hua tātari, engari ka taea hoki te whakararuraru huna mō te wā roa ki te pūnaha kimi, inā koa he nui ake te mōrearea ina tātarihia ngā taumata iti. Mā ēnei mahi ka taea te karo i tēnei raruraru:

• Whakatairangahia te whakamahinga o ngā ipu me ngā taupoki whakakorekoreKoinei te huarahi tino tika me te tino whai hua, inā koa i roto i te whakahaere kounga rongoā me te whakamātautau ture;
• Whakakapia, horoia rānei ngā ipu kua whakamahia anōtiaMena e hiahiatia ana te whakamahi anō, me whakarite kia horoia pai mā te whakamahi i ngā mahi pēnei i te wai whakakore iona, ngā whakarewa waro, me te whakamaroke i te pāmahana tiketike;
• Ngā tikanga tohatoha pakari: whakamahia ngā taputapu paipa motuhake hei karo i te maturuturu o te tauira ki runga, ki te taha rānei o te pounamu;
• Horoia ngā papa taputapu me ngā karapuMe whakawhiti ngā karapu i ia wā, i te wā e pā ana ki ngā whakarewa pūngāwerewere hei ārai i te horapa o te poke.

2. Te turuturu o te taupoki i te wā e whakamahana ana

I roto i te tātaritanga o te pane, me whakamahana te tauira ki te 80-120°C, ki runga ake rānei. Mēnā kāore i te hiritia tika ngā taupoki, ngā hiri rānei, ka puta pea ngā whakarewa i te wā e whakamahana ana, ā, ka rerekē haere ngā raraunga, ka iti rānei ngā hua.

• Kōwhiria ngā gaskets kounga teiteime ātete pai ki te wera, me ngāwari hoki ki te poka kia kore ai te hiri e wetekina;
• Te kaha taupoki tika: me āta te taupoki ā-ringa, ā-aunoa rānei, ka turuturu pea te waikura rawa, ka pakaru pea te taupoki, ka pakaru rānei te pounamu i te kikī rawa;
• Te tirotiro auau i te ngira pūnaha whāngai: mā te ngira kua pakaru, kua hē rānei te āhua, ka kore pea e hiritia te gasket, ā, ka turuturu te wai;
• Tautuhinga pāmahana whaitakeKaua e neke ake i te rohe o runga o te ātete pāmahana o te gasket, o te taupoki rānei, ā, he haumaru ake te whakahaere i te pāmahana i waenga i te 110-130 ℃.

3. Ngā taunakitanga mō te horoi me te rokiroki o te pounamu

Mō te whakamahinga anō o ngā pounamu e pā ana ki te whakahaere utu, ki te whakawhanake tikanga rānei, me aro nui ki ngā tikanga horoi me te rokiroki kia kore ai e uru mai ngā paru, ngā toenga whakarewa rānei:

• Ngā mahi horoi kua tūtohutiaHoroia kia maha ngā wā ki te wai whakakore iona; horoia ki ngā whakarewa waro e tika ana; horoinga ultrasonic i runga i te nui o te poke; whakamaroke i te pāmahana teitei i te 105℃-120℃ kia kore ai he makuku, he whakarewa rānei e toe ana.
• Ngā taunakitanga rokiroki: rokiroki ma, maroke, me te hiri, kia kore ai e poke anō te puehu, ngā matū pūngāwerewere; mēnā he roa rawa te rokiroki, me tirotiro anō, me horoi anō i mua i te whakamahinga; karohia te roa o te wā e pāngia ana e te rā, e te pāmahana tiketike rānei, kia kore ai e kino te tawhito o te karāhe, te gasket rānei.

Mā te mātau ki ēnei taipitopito whakahaere matua, ka taea e koe te whakapai ake i te tika me te auau o te whakamātautau, engari ka taea hoki te whakaroa i te roa o te mahi a ngā taputapu me te whakaiti i te tere o te rahunga. Mō ngā tūemi tātari pēnei i ngā whakarewa toenga, he tino tairongo ki ngā rerekētanga iti, kaua e warewarehia te whakahaere taipitopito o ia hononga whakahaere.

Whakamutunga

I roto i te mara tātari whakarewa o ngā toenga rongoā e tino whakahaeretia ana, e tino tika ana hoki, ahakoa he iti te pounamu mokowā-upoko, he mahi tino nui, he mea nui hoki. Mai i te rokiroki, te hiri me te whakamahana o te tauira, tae atu ki te mahi tahi me te pūnaha tauira-aunoa, koinei te rārangi tuatahi o te parepare i roto i te mekameka tātari katoa hei whakarite i te tika o ngā raraunga.

Ehara i te mea ka tiakina noa e ngā ipu kounga teitei te kounga o te tauira, ka ārai i te ngaronga o te waikura, ka whakapai ake hoki i te ōritetanga o te werohanga, engari he tūāpapa hoki mō te kitenga tere me te tairongo i roto i te tātari aunoa. Ina koa ka pā ki te tātari rahinga taumata iti e hiahiatia ana e ngā paerewa rongoā, ko te hapa iti o te taupoki, te rauemi hē, te mahi whakakī tauira koretake rānei ka pā kino ki ngā hua tātari.

I te mea kei te piki haere tonu te taumata o te aunoatanga me te tere o te kimi i ngā rongoā me te whakahaere kounga, kei te piki haere hoki ngā paerewa kounga o ngā ipu headspace. Mai i te parakore o ngā rauemi, te ōritetanga o ngā ingoa ki te hototahitanga o te pūnaha, me noho pūmau, me pono hoki ngā ipu headspace ā muri ake nei, engari me whai wāhi anō hoki hei "atanga paerewa" i roto i te taiwhanga whakamahere, hei āwhina i te whai i ngā raraunga, te whakaputa anō i ngā tikanga me te whakapai ake i te whakahaere kounga.