Kupu Whakataki

Mai i tōna whanaketanga i waenganui o te rautau 20, kua noho te tikanga tatau kanapa wai hei pou matua mō te rangahau i roto i ngā mara o te ahupūngao karihi, te pūtaiao koiora me te taiao. Ko te kaupapa matua kei roto i te meka ko ngā matūriki pūngao e tukuna ana i te wā e pirau ana ngā radionuclides ka taunekeneke ki te wai kanapa, ka huri i te pūngao hei photon e kitea ana. Ka hurihia ēnei photon hei tohu hiko e ngā photodetector (hei tauira, ngā ngongo photomultiplier, PMT), ka tātarihia i te mutunga hei ine i te nui o te rauemi irahiko.

Ahakoa e aro ana te aura o ngā tikanga tatau kanapa wai ki te taputapu kite, ki te wai kanapa tonu rānei, ko ngā ipu kanapa, hei ipu e kapi tika ana i te tauira me te wai kanapa, he mea huna matua e whakatau ana i te angitu, i te kore rānei o tētahi whakamātautau.

Kei te raru tonu te hoahoa o ngā ipu whakakoi i roto i te rangahau o nāianei. Ko te whāinga o tēnei pepa he tātari pūnaha i te awe o te mahi me te hoahoa o ngā ipu whakakoi ki tā rātou mahi, me te whakarato i ngā kairangahau ki ngā pūtake ariā me ngā aratohu mahi i roto i te whiriwhiri me te whakamahi i ngā ipu whakakoi mā te tātari i te mahi, te arotau i te hoahoa, te whiriwhiri i te rauemi, me te whakapai ake i te mahi.I taua wā anō, e titiro whakamua ana ki te ia o tōna whanaketanga ā muri ake nei, me te tautoko i te arotautanga me te whakawhānui ake i ngā tono o te hangarau LSC.

He Tirohanga Whānui mō te Hangarau Tatau Wai

1. Mātāpono Taketake: Mekameka Tika mō te Huringa Pūngao

Ko te kaupapa matua o te tatau i te kanapa wai kei roto i te tukanga katoa o te huri i te pūngao pirau irahiko hei tohu whatu mā roto i te wai kanapa, ā, ka taea te wehewehe i tōna tukanga hangarau ki te whakaoho irahiko, te whakaputa irahiko photon, te hopu tohu whatu, me te tātari raraunga.

2. Te Tātari i ngā Wāhanga Hangarau Matua

• Te whakahaere pumau o te otinga scintillationĀrai i te waikura (hei tauira, me tāpiri he BHT ārai-mate ki te otinga whakakorikori e hangai ana ki te ethylene glycol) me te photolysis rānei (me penapena te otinga e hangai ana ki te toluene kia matara atu i te mārama); he ngāwari te mimiti o tētahi wāhanga o te otinga whakakorikori (hei tauira, te pūnaha ethylene glycol kei roto ko te PPO) ki ngā tioata i ngā pāmahana iti (<4℃), ka heke ohorere te pai o te putanga mārama.

• Te arotautanga o te aro o te kaititiroHe pai ngā hangarau kimi hou pēnei i ngā photodiode silicon me te urupare whānui o te hihi me te iti o te haruru mō te kimi tohu mārama ngoikore; ka taea te whakakotahi i ngā huinga kimi maha-hongere me te tukatuka tohu whakarara hei whakarei ake i te tere o te tātari tauira tere-whakaputa.

• Te whakakāpōtanga tauira me te purengaTe whakakī me te purenga o ngā tauira: Ko te kaha o ngā ipu whakakī me whakamahi i te ine papatipu helium hei hopu i te tere turuturu iti iho i te 1×10-⁹ Pa-m³/s, hei ārai i te hāora kei uru ki roto, hei whakaoho i te pirau waikura o te whakakī. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā kapia whakawhiti katote hei horoi hei tango i ngā katote whakarewa me te whakaiti i te tere tatau papamuri. Ka whakamahia te konutea hauota/pāhare pākawa hei whakakoi i ngā radionuclides ki te āhua pelletized, hei whakaiti i te rōrahi o te otinga me te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te whakakī.

Mā te hangarau tatau kanapa wai ka taea te kite i ngā irahiko iti-pūngao mā te huri i te pūngao o ngā matūriki irahiko hei tohu mārama. Ko tōna mahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te arotau i ngā āhuatanga hangarau matua pēnei i te pumau o te wai kanapa, te aro o te taputapu kite me te whakakī me te purenga o te tauira. Hei wāhanga matua o te whakakī tauira, he mahi nui tā te wai kanapa i roto i ēnei hononga, ā, he pānga nui tōna hoahoa me te whiriwhiri rauemi ki te mahi whānui o te hangarau LSC.

Ngā Āhuatanga Matua me te Hoahoa o ngā Pounamu Scintillation

1. Ngā Mahi Ipu

• Te hiriMe tino pai te hiri o ngā ipu kanapa hei ārai i te turuturu o ngā hau irahiko, me te karo hoki i ngā poke o waho kei uru ki roto i te ipu.

• HototahitangaMe hototahi ngā ipu whakakoi ki te whānuitanga o ngā wai whakakoi kia kore ai e tauhohe matū, e rerekē rānei tōna āhua ina roa te pa atu.

2. Kōwhiringa Rauemi

• Karāhe: te kaha whakawhiti hei whakanui ake i te pai o te tuku i te photon; he tino pumau te matū, he ātete ki te waikura, he pai mō te whānuitanga o ngā wai kanapa; he iti te tatau papamuri, he pai mō te kite i te tairongo teitei. Heoi, he pakarukaru, he taumaha hoki te karāhe.

• KirihouHe māmā, he ātete ki te pānga, he ngāwari ki te whakahaere me te kawe. Heoi, kei roto i ētahi kirihou ngā irahiko tūturu, ā, he iti ake te pumau o te matū, ā, ka tauhohe ki ētahi wai kanapa.

• Whakaoti MataKa pania ngā rauemi pēnei i te silica ki te pakitara o roto o te pounamu hei whakarei ake i te whakaata mārama me te pai o te tuku, me te whakapiki ake i te putanga photon.

3. Te Arotau i te Āhua me te Hanganga

• Te hoahoa whakatuwheratanga pounamuKa whakaitihia te rere o te wai e te whakatuwheratanga whaiti, ka whakaitihia te pokanoa o te marara o te mārama, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ōritetanga o te tohu.

• Te karo i te māramatanga: ka taea e te pounamu, te paninga rānei he pouri te aukati i te pokanoa o te mārama o waho, te whakaiti i te haruru papamuri me te whakapai ake i te ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru.

• Ētahi atu hoahoa kua arotauhia: mā ngā ipu kanapa me ngā raro kōniko, ngā hoahoa pakitara o roto motuhake rānei ka whakaiti i te toenga tauira me te whakapai ake i ngā tere whakaora; he pai ngā ipu moroiti mō te whakamātautau tauira moroiti, ka taea ai te whakaiti i te nui o te otinga kanapa me te whakaiti i ngā utu.

He pānga nui tō te hoahoa me te whiriwhiri rauemi o ngā ipu whakakoi ki tā rātou mahi. Ka taea te whakapai ake i te aro me te tika o te tatau whakakoi wai mā te arotau i te hiri, te hototahi, te whiriwhiri rauemi, me te āhua me te hanganga. I te heke mai, mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi me ngā hangarau hou, ka whakapai ake anō te mahi a ngā ipu whakakoi hei tautoko kaha ake i te whanaketanga o te hangarau LSC.

Te Tūranga Matua o ngā Ipu Whakamārama

1. Te aro nui ki te kimi

• Papa haruru itiTe whakaiti i te whakaurunga o ngā poke irahiko mā te whiriwhiri rauemi me ngā tikanga hiri, te whakamahi i te karāhe borosilicate iti-potassium, i ngā kirihou parakore teitei rānei hei whakaiti i te ihirangi o ngā irahiko taiao. Ka whakamahia ngā tikanga hiri korehau, ngā tikanga whakakī hau kore mahi rānei hei whakaiti i te pānga pahū o te hāora me te makuku ki te wai kanapa.

• Teitei o te whai huatanga o te pūngaoKo te whakawhiti pai o te pakitara pounamu ka whakarite kia hopukina te mārama kanapa e te pūoko.

2. Te whakamana i te pono o te whakamātautau

• Te pumau o te tauira: he hiri roa hei ārai i te mimiti, te pirau rānei, he pai mō ngā whakamātautau roa. Mā te hoahoa hiri taupoki kounga teitei ka kore ngā tauira e turuturu, e poke rānei i te wā e rongoatia ana, e kawehia ana rānei mō te wā roa.

• Mana whakahaere auau: mā ngā whakaritenga ipu paerewa ka whakaitihia ngā hapa whakamātautau i waenga i ngā puranga, ā, mā te whakamahi i ngā ipu kanapa o te rahi, te āhua me te rauemi ōrite ka whakarite kia ōrite ngā āhuatanga whakamātautau.

3. Ngā horopaki tono whānui

• Te kimi i te rōrahi itiKa tautokohia e ngā ipu moroiti kanapa te tātari tauira tere-rahi, ā, he pai hoki mō te kimi tauira moroiti-rahi, ka whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā matū me ngā utu whakamātautau.

• Hototahi ki ngā āhuatanga tino kinoHe mea whakamahi i te karāhe ātete pāmahana teitei, i te kirihou motuhake rānei, he mea pai mō te whakamātautau taiao motuhake mā te autoclave, mō te rokiroki pāmahana iti rānei.

Ka whakarei ake ngā ipu whakakorikori i te aro ki te kimi mā te iti o te haruru papamuri me te whakawhiti pūngao whai hua i roto i te hangarau tatau whakakorikori wai, ā, ka whakamanahia hoki te pono o te whakamātautau mā te pumau o te tauira me te whakahaere i te kaha ki te whakaputa anō. Hei tāpiri, ka whakawhānui ake te hoahoa iti me te hototahi ki ngā āhuatanga tino nui i ōna horopaki tono, ka tautoko kaha i ngā rangahau i roto i ngā mara o te ahupūngao karihi, te rongoā koiora me te aroturuki taiao. I te heke mai, me te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao rauemi me te hangarau hanga, ka whakapai ake te mahi a ngā ipu whakakorikori, ka whakatakoto i te turanga pakari mo te auahatanga me te whakawhānui tono o te tatau LSC.

Ngā Tauira Whakamahinga Whaihua

1. Marae koiora

• Te ine i te irahiko i roto i te whakamātautau irahikoKo te whakamātautau irahiko (RIA) he tikanga kimi irahiko tino tairongo e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te tātaritanga tauanga o ngā homoni, ngā rongoā me ngā tohu pukupuku. Ka whakamahia ngā ipu scintillation hei pupuri i ngā matatini antigen-antibody kua tohua ki te irahiko me ngā otinga scintillation, kia pai ai te kimi i ngā radiotracer mā te tuku tere me te hoahoa papamuri iti.

2. Te aroturukitanga haumaru o te pūngao karihi

• Te kimi i ngā tohu o ngā isotopes radioactive i roto i ngā para karihiHe whānuitanga o ngā irahiko kei roto i ngā para karihi me aro turuki tika kia pai ai te haumaru o te taiao. Ka whakamahia ngā ipu whakakoi hei whakakī i ngā tango para karihi me ngā wai whakakoi hei kimi i ngā whakaahua irahiko, hei ārai i te turuturu o ngā rauemi irahiko mā roto i ngā rauemi ātete-waikura me ngā hiri ā-hiri.

3. Pūtaiao taiao

• Te aroturuki i ngā radionuclides i roto i ngā aerosols hauHe tohu nui ngā irahiko i roto i ngā hauhautanga hauhautanga mō te ako i ngā tukanga hauhautanga me te parahanga taiao. Ka whakamahia ngā ipu scintillation hei kohikohi me te kite i ngā irahiko i roto i ngā tauira hauhautanga, hei whakapai ake i te aro ki te kite i ngā tauira ngoikore-ngohengohe mā te hoahoa karo māramatanga me te whakawhiti pūngao whai hua.

4. Ētahi atu wāhi tono

• Te haumaru kaiKa taea te whakamahi i ngā ipu kanapa hei kite i te parahanga irahiko i roto i te kai.

• Te whakatau tau whenua: te whakatau i te pakeketanga mā te ine i ngā isotope irahiko i roto i ngā toka me ngā kohuke.

• Te kitenga o ngā rongoāE whakamahia ana ngā ipu kanapa mō ngā rangahau nekeneke pākia o ngā rongoā kua tohua ki te irahiko.

Kua whakaatuhia e ngā ipu whakakoi tō rātou tūranga kore e taea te whakakapi i roto i ngā tono mahi i roto i ngā mara pēnei i te rongoā koiora, te aroturuki haumaru karihi me te pūtaiao taiao. Mā te aro nui, te pumau teitei me ngā hoahoa kanorau, ka whakaratohia e ngā ipu whakakoi he tautoko pono mō te kimi i te irahiko me te whakatairanga i te rangahau me te ahunga whakamua hangarau i roto i ngā mara e pā ana. I te heke mai, me te whānui haere tonu o ngā hiahia tono, ka mau tonu te uara ahurei o ngā ipu whakakoi i roto i ngā mara maha atu.

Ngā Wero me ngā Aratohu mō te Whakapai Ake

1. Ngā herenga o nāianei

• Ka Ārahi te Karāhe Pakaru ki ngā Mōrearea WhakahaereAhakoa he tino mārama, he pumau hoki ngā pounamu karāhe kanapa, ka taea e tō rātou pakarukaru te arahi ki te turuturu o te tauira, te aukati rānei i te whakamātautau i te wā e kawe ana, e whakamahia ana rānei. Ka taea e tēnei te arahi ki te pikinga o ngā utu whakamātautau, inā koa i roto i ngā whakamātautau tere-whakaputa, i ngā whakamātautau aunoa rānei.

• Tērā pea he raruraru tawhito kei te kirihou: Tērā pea ka tawhito haere ngā pounamu kirihou kanapa ina whakamahia mō te wā roa, ina rānei ka pāngia e ngā āhuatanga tino kino (pērā i te pāmahana teitei, ngā waikawa kaha me ngā kawakore), ka heke te kounga o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, te hototahitanga matū rānei, ka whakaiti i te pono me te āheinga ki te whakaputa anō i ngā hua whakamātautau.

• Raru haruru papamuriTērā pea kei roto i ētahi rauemi kirihou ngā poke irahiko tūturu, ka whakanui ake i te tatau papamuri, ā, ka pā ki te aro o ngā tauira ngoikore te ngohe ki te kitea.

• Ngā take utu me te taiaoHe nui te utu mō ngā rauemi karāhe kounga teitei, ngā rauemi kirihou motuhake rānei, ā, ka taea e ngā ipu kanapa kotahi te whakamahi te noho hei taumaha ki te taiao.

2. Ngā auahatanga hangarau

• Te whakawhanaketanga o ngā rauemi hiato houMā te whakakotahi i te pumau matū teitei o ngā uku me te ātete pānga o ngā kirihou, ka whakawhanakehia e mātou ngā rauemi hiato uku hou e ātete ana ki ngā pāmahana teitei, te waikura, me te iti o te haruru papamuri, e pai ai mō ngā āhuatanga tino kino me te kitea o ngā mea tino tairongo. Mā te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi kirihou pirau ka whakaitihia te taumahatanga ki te taiao, ā, he pai hoki mō ngā whakamātautau whakakorekore, e hangai ana ki te ariā o te whanaketanga tauwhiro.

• Te arotautanga o te hangarau maimoatanga mataTe whakamahi i ngā paninga whakarei whatu nano ki te pakitara o roto o ngā pounamu hei whakapai ake i te pai o te tuku irahiko photon. Te whakarei ake i te aro ki te kimi, he pai mō te kimi tauira moroiti.

3. Te arotau i te hangarau maimoatanga mata

• Hangarau paninga nanoKa pania ngā paninga whatu nano-tauine ki te pakitara o roto o ngā ipu kanapa hei whakapai ake i te pai o te tuku i te photon. Ka whakarei ake tēnei i te aro ki te kimi, ā, he pai hoki mō te kimi tauira iti.

• Ngā paninga ārai-paruKua whakawhanakehia ngā paninga ārai-paru hei whakaiti i ngā toenga tauira me te whakapai ake i ngā reiti whakaora mō ngā tauira utu nui, ngā āhuatanga whakamahi anō rānei.

Ahakoa he mahi nui tā ngā pounamu whakakorikori i roto i te hangarau tatau whakakorikori wai, kei te tūtaki tonu rātou ki ētahi wero e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga rauemi, te haumaru mahi me te tiaki taiao. Ka taea te whakapai ake i te whānuitanga o te mahi me te whakamahinga o ngā pounamu whakakorikori mā te rangahau i ngā āhuatanga maha. I te heke mai, me te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao rauemi me te hangarau hanga, ka nui ake ngā putanga hou o ngā pounamu whakakorikori i roto i te aro, te pono me te pumau, ka werohia he kaha hou ki te whanaketanga o te hangarau tatau whakakorikori wai.

Ngā Whakatau me te Tirohanga

Ko ngā ipu whakakorikori, hei wāhanga matua o te hangarau tatau whakakorikori wai (LSC), he mahi nui tā rātou ki te kimi i te irahiko mā te arotau tonu me te arotau i ngā rauemi, ngā hanganga me ngā tukanga. Ko te auahatanga rauemi, te arotau hanganga, te whakapai ake tukanga me ētahi atu arotautanga ngā taputapu tautoko matua mō ngā ipu whakakorikori kia noho hei hangarau tatau wai, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te rongoā koiora, te aroturuki haumaru pūngao karihi, te pūtaiao taiao me ētahi atu mara.

I te tere o te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao rauemi, te nanotechnology me te hangarau aunoatanga, ka eke ngā ipu scintillation ki te mahi teitei ake, ki te hoahoa atamai ake, ā, ka pai ake te taiao i ngā rā kei te heke mai. Ehara i te mea ka whakatairanga noa ēnei auahatanga i te whanaketanga o te hangarau tatau scintillation wai, engari ka whakarato hoki i ngā taputapu kaha ake me te tautoko mō te rangahau i roto i ngā mara o te ahupūngao karihi, te rongoā koiora, me te pūtaiao taiao. I ngā rā kei te heke mai, e tumanakohia ana ka noho ngā ipu scintillation hei wāhanga matua pai ake, pono ake, me te pumau ake o te hangarau kimi irahiko.